Features of choosing a welder's suit: composition and types

Working with a welding machine is life-threatening. In order to prevent possible negative consequences, manufacturers produce special clothing for welding, thanks to which welders can, during work, minimize their exposure to chemical dust, fumes, metal splashes and other factors that accompany welding work.

The importance of using a special uniform during welding is also due to the fact that it allows protection from radiation generated by the working arc of the ultraviolet and infrared ranges.

Requirements

Manufacturers offer performers equipment of various configurations. The most popular option is welder suits - a set consisting of two items: a jacket and trousers. several requirements for clothing of this type :

• protection from open flames, sparks, splashes, scale, high temperatures, thermal and optical radiation, evaporation of toxic substances, mechanical damage;
• resistance to burning;
• no deformation from exposure to elevated temperatures;
• the presence of ventilation, eliminating the possibility of overheating;
• moisture resistance;
• strength;
• wear resistance;
• high-quality tailoring and fittings, the fastener should be tight, preferably closed with a strap;
• a useful detail is reflective tape;
• winter and insulated models must be equipped with a lining made of natural material; the most common is batting; there are also suits with fur and wool insulation;
• ensuring comfort, ease of use;
• fit tightly to the body so that hot drops do not get on the skin, but do not hinder movement;
• ease of cleaning from dirt.

Next, we will look at other relevant points that need to be taken into account when choosing a welding suit.

Kit contents

When choosing clothes for a welder, you must first take care of protecting the face and eyes, which during welding can be exposed to strong radiation and light, as well as hot splashes and slag. Devices such as glasses with filters, a helmet or shield, as well as special caps that must be made of fire-resistant material can protect the employee from all this. In order to protect the respiratory system from the effects of fumes, oxides and vapors, it is necessary to use special welding suits equipped with respirators.

A basic welder's kit includes a jacket and trousers, which must be made of reliable and fire-resistant materials. Thanks to these elements of workwear, the welder’s body will be reliably protected from minor local burns. Pants are made without cuffs, and the jacket should only have special pockets with fasteners in the form of flaps and Velcro. This design will help prevent hot slag particles or sparks from getting inside the pockets during welding.

Protection classes of welding overalls

Welder suits are marked with the standard number and protection class. It is the second parameter that you should pay special attention to. According to GOST, there are 1st, 2nd and 3rd classes. Depending on the class, the technical requirements for equipment differ.

1 class

Class 1 clothing is intended for use at a distance of more than 2 meters from a source of sparks and splashes; used on welding lines and plasma cutting of metal.

2nd grade

Class 2 uniforms are designed for manual welding indoors and outdoors , when the source of sparks, splashes and scale is located at a distance of about 0.5 m .

3rd grade

Suits of the 3rd class are designed for welding work in small enclosed spaces : tanks, containers, pipelines and gas pipelines, as well as for oxygen cutting of metals, the distance to the source is about 0.5 m.

Popular suits for welders

• Split leather suits are reliably used to protect metal sparks when burning electrodes (split leather is a substance used in leather processing).
• Welding suits 2.3 - an indicator of numbers - this is 2.3 m of workwear covered with split leather. This is the chest, stomach, arms, this is a reliable apron.
• Suit 2.6 – this version has additional protection at the throat.

Protective clothing for the season

The climatic conditions in which the suit should be used are the main criterion for dividing the sets into several groups. Each type has its own design features that allow you to comfortably use the robe at different ambient temperatures.

Winter

Winter suits are lined with dense material that can serve as thermal insulation. Kits of this type must protect not only from production and welding influences, but also from cold, wind, precipitation and other weather phenomena. Other useful information about winter suits is presented in a separate article.

Insulated

Insulated suits are designed for use at extremely low air temperatures. Such models of sets are made from various fabrics and always have stitched or removable insulation made of natural material. Detailed information about insulated overalls is presented in a separate article. [ads-pc-2][ads-mob-2]

Summer

Summer suits are made from light, thin and breathable materials . Kits of this type are suitable for outdoor welding in the warm season and for work indoors. Examples of summer suit models and other important nuances of their choice are presented in a separate article.

Additional items of workwear

Since welders often have to work in a sitting and standing position, a leather apron that can cover almost the entire body would be useful for the welding suit they use. If metal or slag particles accidentally get on the apron, they will not cause damage to the workwear. A set of winter clothing for a welder should contain warm mittens or gloves with gauntlets. The robe must have special ventilation holes. The fact is that it is made of high-density material and can be hot in it.

The welder's shoes must meet special requirements. These are usually shoes or boots, the soles of which must be made using special non-stick rubber, which can protect the shoes from exposure to flame and electricity.

Based on the material: pros and cons

Another main criterion for classifying suits is the material. Manufacturing enterprises offer sets from a wide variety of fabrics. Some materials are actively used for the manufacture of not only special, but also ordinary clothing, for example, leather and cotton.

In addition, enterprises are developing unique fabrics : Flameshield, Proban, Arsenal NEW, Arcelon, Aramid, Mars, Hephaestus, Prior and others. Knowing the advantages and disadvantages of each material will help the welder make the right choice.

Split

Split leather is genuine cattle leather, which has been processed using lamination technology. This material is actively used in the production of special clothing. Welders are offered both all-piece kits, i.e. sewn entirely from split leather, as well as combined ones - with inserts made of treated leather. Split wood has a wide range of advantages :

• reliable protection of the performer is ensured due to the high density and strength of the material, as well as due to its tight fit to the body;
• resistance to water;
• attractive appearance;
• the softness of the material guarantees the comfort of the welder; the split wood does not hinder movements.

any significant disadvantages . One of the minor disadvantages is that the split leather does not provide good ventilation. Therefore, summer suits made of split leather are not very common. To ensure air permeability, all-split sets used in the warm season are perforated.

The presence of ventilation holes negatively affects the level of reliability. Therefore, for the summer it is recommended to choose combined models, some examples of which are presented in the article “Welding suits with split-leaf and all-split.”

Canvas

Tarpaulin is another popular material widely used in the production of workwear. The fabric is based on natural raw materials: cotton (51%) and linen (49%) yarn . Initially, the tarpaulin does not provide reliability from the harmful factors of welding. Therefore, the material is treated with special means. After this, the material guarantees protection from fire, sparks, splashes and other dangerous influences. The tarpaulin also has some other features that can be considered as advantages :

• good ventilation;
• high strength and rigidity;
• industrial stains can be easily removed from the suit by cleaning;
• tarpaulin kits are sold at the most affordable prices;
• A tarpaulin robe can be used in cold and warm seasons, as well as in the demi-season.

Tarpaulin has several disadvantages:

• prolonged exposure to fire can lead to burns; Also, to prevent holes from forming in the fabric, it is recommended to shake off scale from the suit.
• the material is quite hard that it can hinder the performer’s movements.

Models of kits and other relevant information are presented in the article “Canvas Welder Suit”.

Made from flame retardant fabric

Requirements for the protective functions of materials for workwear are constantly increasing. Therefore, manufacturers are actively working to create fabrics that can guarantee the highest level of reliability. Modern fire-resistant fabric for a welding suit provides thermal safety, protects against electric current, open flame, hot splashes, and mechanical damage.

The characteristics and composition of fabrics manufactured by different enterprises may differ. But reliability and comfort are mandatory properties of the material. In order for the fabric to perform all its functions, it is treated with special substances. The latest technologies make it possible to create effective and easy-to-use fabrics. Fabrics with fire-resistant impregnation protect against the entire list of dangerous welding factors, and at the same time are soft, elastic and light. These characteristics guarantee ease of use and comfort for the performer.

Fire-resistant fabrics include the following materials : cotton, linen and impregnated polyester, as well as arselon, aramid, asbestos, silica, basalt. Aramid and Arcelon suits are analyzed further.

Cloth (felt)

Cloth and felt have similar composition and characteristics, so we will consider these materials in one section. With ukno - woolen, half-woolen, and in rare cases, cotton fabric. Felt is a non-woven woolen material. The advantages of the materials are the following characteristics:

• high density;
• providing thermal insulation;
• reliable protection from hazardous factors is carried out after treatment with fire-resistant agents;
• affordable price;
• suits made from these materials can be used by welders, metallurgists and representatives of other professions who come into contact with hot surfaces and high temperatures.

Cloth and felt are suitable for sewing winter and insulated suits. In summer, a performer will feel hot in a robe made of these materials. This is the most significant drawback.

From Proban

Proban is an effective technology for imparting fire-retardant properties to cotton and cotton-containing fabrics, which last for a long time even after numerous washes. The chemical composition Proban is evenly applied to the fabric, the drug envelops the fabric, penetrates its structure and is fixed there.

After such treatment, cotton has high fire and wear resistance, does not smolder, does not melt, is not subject to re-ignition (the flame does not spread beyond the burnt area), retains hygienic properties, strength and elasticity, does not cause allergies, and guarantees comfort.

All these advantages make fabrics processed using this technology so popular. However, one rather significant disadvantage should be noted - the high cost of proban welding suits. The industry offers performers summer, winter and insulated models from Proban.

From moleskine

Moleskine is a natural cotton fabric that has a huge range of advantages :

• excellent protection from dust particles, as well as from radioactive and biological substances;
• flammable;
• resistance to acids;
• density;
• strength;
• wear resistance;
• subtlety;
• smooth surface ensures that sparks and splashes roll off the fabric;
• comfort and ease of use;
• ease of cleaning;
• beautiful appearance.

To increase the fire-resistant characteristics of the fabric, it is treated with special compounds. Impregnation provides additional protective properties and guarantees thermal safety.

The only drawback of a moleskin suit is its high cost .

We recommend that you familiarize yourself with the characteristics of the summer and insulated models of moleskin suits.

Made from aramid fabric

Aramid (aromatic polyamide, aramid fiber) is a polymer material used as a reinforcing component in the production of workwear. The main advantages of fabrics of this type:

• heat resistance, withstands contact with an open flame for 50 seconds, and does not ignite or smolder;
• does not deform from exposure to high temperatures and loads;
• strength, practically does not tear;
• elasticity;
• ease;
• presentable appearance, the fabric can be painted in any desired color;
• Aramid clothing can be cared for by washing; the material does not shrink, but numerous washes can adversely affect the strength of the fabric.

Disadvantages : aramid is afraid of water, the material ages quickly, high cost.

The industry provides winter and summer models of aramid suits. [ads-pc-3][ads-mob-3]

Made from arselon fabric

Arcelon is a heat-resistant orange fabric, special clothing made from which can withstand temperatures up to +250°C. This fiber has the following advantages :

• provides reliable protection against sparks and splashes;
• does not burn or melt upon contact with open fire;
• over a long service life (at least 3 years) retains all protective properties;
• strength;
• ergonomics;
• wear resistance;
• ease.

Disadvantages: high cost, the fabric is used only for sewing summer kits for welders.

The characteristics of the summer suit made from Arcelon are presented here.

Cotton

Cotton (cotton) is a material that is actively used for the manufacture of ordinary, work and special clothing. The advantages of cotton are:

• lightness and softness (especially when 100% cotton) guarantee comfort;
• ensuring good ventilation;
• fire-resistant impregnation and tight fit of the fabric provide reliable protection;
• beautiful appearance;
• natural material does not cause allergic reactions;
• used for sewing summer and winter sets.

The only drawback is the high cost of fire-resistant cotton suits.

We present to your attention the Saturn summer suit and the Caesar winter suit.

Made of canvas

Canvas is a durable and heavy fabric made from natural cotton, sometimes linen, jute or hemp yarn. In terms of composition, characteristics, appearance, pros and cons, the material is similar to tarpaulin. Advantages:

• reliable protection from general industrial pollution (GIP), from mechanical and welding influences;
• provides good ventilation;
• high strength;
• density;
• affordable price.

Prolonged exposure to flame can lead to burn-through; the rigidity of the material is the main disadvantage .

Manufacturing companies offer summer and insulated models.

Leather

Genuine leather has a whole range of advantages that allow this material to be used in the production of non-flammable clothing:

• high density;
• reliable protection against electrode sparks and hot metal splashes;
• resistance to water;
• presentable appearance.

The main disadvantage is low breathability . Therefore, summer suits must have ventilation holes. Also significant disadvantages include high cost. Therefore, a leather welding uniform is suitable for a professional welder.

Leather suit models:

• winter set Paton I;
• summer robe Welder-Gazprom;
• insulated kit from the Russian manufacturer “Ivspetsposhiv”.

Combined

Combined suits are sets made from two materials. Manufacturers resort to a combination of fibers for the following reasons:

• increasing the level of protection of the kit as a whole or its individual parts;
• increasing the performer's comfort;
• reduction in the cost of the finished product.

There are models of robes on the market with several combinations : split leather + tarpaulin, cloth + tarpaulin, leather + tarpaulin, then we will consider one of the models of combined sets.

Arc

• The combined welder's suit Duga (in the picture) provides protection class 2, 3 and has fire-retardant characteristics.
• The upper materials are tarpaulin with fire-resistant impregnation and split leather.
• The jacket has a central hidden fastener.
• The width of the sleeves can be adjusted.

In addition, you should pay attention to the combined set Bastion (canvas + split leather).

Tips for choosing

The range of similar products on the market is huge. Costumes are divided into several types, depending on their purpose. Many are guided by external design and attractiveness, completely forgetting about the really important criteria. We will talk about them below.

1. Equipment.

Clothing for welding work is sold in several configurations, namely:

• trousers and jacket;
• dungarees, there are special sliders on the straps to adjust the size;
• overalls.

Is the last configuration option the most convenient, since the top and bottom are connected? and the possibility of rebounding sparks penetrating under clothing is eliminated. But along with this advantage, there is also one significant drawback: during an unforeseen and emergency situation, quickly taking off the suit will be problematic.

All types of equipment include mandatory attributes for work, such as a mask, mittens and an apron.

1. Material.

The protection function is closely related to the material that was chosen for the manufacture of clothing. The most preferred is tarpaulin. Before sewing a suit, the material is treated with various substances, after which it becomes resistant to fire and getting wet. But there are other types of material used in production, for example:

• Split leather. First of all, it provides protection against sparks and metal drops. You can find this material in the top layer of a suit, or some of its individual parts. In other words, it is used there, or rather, in those areas of the suit that will be in closer contact with metal and high temperature.
• Suede leather. It is not whimsical when working with high temperatures and conditions where there is high humidity. It can be used to sew both the entire suit and its individual elements.
• Hephaestus. This is the name of a fabric that sometimes acts as an analogue of tarpaulin. Sparks and drops of liquid metal do not stick, but seem to bounce off.
• Moleskin. Another name for the fabric involved in production. In combination with various types of impregnation for refractory materials, it is widely used.

1. Season.

According to this criterion, there is a division into winter and summer. Let's look at how they differ from each other.

• Suits used for work in the summer are made of tarpaulin. This fabric creates a breathable effect. Work in them can take place both outdoors and indoors. In addition, if the room is warm, then you can work in winter.
• Suits used in winter are made of the same material, but have an additional insulating layer. Usually this is either padding polyester or batting. This layer can come as a set, i.e. can be unfastened or fastened at will, or be one with the entire package.

There is also an intermediate option, which is usually called demi-season. At its core, this is a summer suit, but a little thicker.

In all cases, the clothing has a straight cut. There are some features in sewing parts that will be presented below.

• The sleeve must necessarily follow the movement of the welder’s hand, or rather, its bend. Movements should not be constrained.
• Pockets should not be open, as scale may get into them, and then there is a high probability of an emergency. If the pocket is open, then it is sewn with some deviation.
• The fasteners are always closed with a strap.

1. Protection.

The last parameter on the list that requires consumer attention. And this is the protection class. There are only three of them:

• 1st. The most minimal. Work in such clothing is carried out at a distance of two meters.
• 2nd. Here you can work half a meter from the source. If welding is done by hand, this class is suitable for it.
• 3rd. The highest level of protection. It seems possible to work in such suits in any containers or small spaces.

Now let's move on to the review of the best models.

What other ones are there?

Enterprises produce suits from a variety of materials for various climatic conditions. Companies also offer kits with additional elements : linings, inner cuffs, hood. The functionality of such components has been tested by many performers.

Hooded

A welder's suit with a hood allows you to save time and not have to search for and buy protective headgear. It is recommended to pay attention to sets with a removable hood . The fastener (buttons or zipper) attaching the hood to the jacket must be closed with a placket.

Welders are provided with a large selection of hooded suits for use in different climatic conditions:

• winter suit Tarpaulin shield;
• Worker winter set made of cotton-based fabric of the same name;
• insulated suit Bastion Plus made of canvas;
• insulated Prometheus Frost robe made of Weldshield material (100% cotton);
• Premium insulated suit made of Hephaestus fabric (100% cotton).

Lightweight

Lightweight welding suits are designed for use in the warm season. Sets of this kind are most often called summer . To sew such workwear, light and thin materials are used to ensure good ventilation and comfort. Summer suit models and leading product manufacturers are presented in a separate article.

Men's and women's

Mostly men work in the welding industry. Accordingly, the costumes are used by representatives of the stronger sex. However, the kits are universal , that is, they can be used by both sexes.

It is also worth noting that it is quite problematic to make a welder’s suit more attractive in terms of appearance. Improving the design of the welding overall can lead to loss of functionality and reduced reliability. Therefore, the safety of work should be put first.

Despite this, manufacturers offer women's versions of suits made of heat-resistant fabrics, which are also suitable for welding. One of these models is a lightweight summer suit made of heat-resistant fabrics (in the picture).

For a special climate zone

There are 4 climatic zones , the northern regions of Russia are specially considered: Magadan region, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the territory located north of the Arctic Circle (except for the Murmansk region), Tomsk region (territories located north of 60° north latitude), Tyumen region (regions Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, located north of 60° north latitude), Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

The average winter temperature in the Far North is -30°C, wind speed reaches 8-10 m/s. To perform work outdoors in these areas, you should choose insulated suits of the 4th class of protection from low temperatures and wind , which can protect the performer from cold, severe frost and piercing wind.

We recommend paying attention to the Mars welder suit.

Reinforced

To increase the reliability of workwear, reinforcing pads , which are placed in those areas of the suit that are exposed to increased influence of harmful welding factors. Kits of this type are suitable for long and complex work in production and industrial environments.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with the following models of reinforced suits :

• summer set Argon;
• summer model Firewall from Flameshield;
• winter suit Zeus Plus;
• reinforced model of the armor suit made of split leather and canvas.

Dimensions

It is important not only to choose the right type of suit, but also to choose the right size of the set. The comfort of the performer and the productivity of the work performed depend on this. The size of a welding uniform is determined by two parameters: height and chest circumference . Below is a table of sizes that will help you make an informed choice.

Size	Height, cm	Chest circumference, cm.
44-46	170-176	88-92
48-50	170-176	96-100
48-50	182-188	96-100
52-54	170-176	104-108
52-54	182-188	104-108
56-58	170-176	112-116
56-58	182-188	112-116
60-62	170-176	120-124
60-62	182-188	120-124

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How to choose which one is better

When choosing a welding suit, you should consider several important nuances :

1. The conditions under which the work will be carried out. A summer model is suitable for welding indoors. If welding will be carried out outdoors, then you need to choose a suit that suits the season. For particularly harsh climatic conditions, there are specific models of insulated suits - 4th protection class.
2. Intensity of use of the suit . For rare and short-term work, it is recommended to choose canvas or cloth overalls that provide a basic level of protection. Professional performers should be more careful when choosing and purchase high-quality sets, for example, from special fire-resistant fabrics: aramid, moleskin and others.
3. Budget . Home craftsmen can choose affordable suits made of canvas or cloth, as well as combined sets: split leather + canvas. A suitable option for a professional welder would be a suit made of unique non-flammable fabrics, providing the highest level of safety.

Important! Regardless of the task, you should remember about safety. High-quality and good suits are never cheap.

Types of Welding Suits

Most often, welders use the following types of workwear to carry out work:

• canvas;
• suede;
• leather;
• cloth;
• split wood

Each of the suits listed above has its own advantages and disadvantages.

If we talk about a leather suit , then it provides good protection against scale, but is not very convenient for use in the summer, since in extreme heat the skin quickly heats up and the worker becomes hot.

A canvas suit has a fairly high margin of safety due to the density of the material, and also has good ventilation. But this material is not designed for high temperatures, when exposed to which it burns out very quickly.

Suits made of suede have excellent waterproof characteristics, but the high risk of fire does not allow them to be used for long periods of time for welding work.

The variety of suits for welders can also be divided based on the climatic conditions in which welding work can be carried out. Based on this feature, two types of workwear are distinguished: summer and winter. There are also combined and matching suits.

If we talk about the first option, then its set consists only of overalls. Matched suits include jacket and pants. A good example of selectable suits for a welder is the Zeus welding uniform, made using fire-resistant Proban technology. This workwear includes items such as trousers with an elastic waistband and a jacket with a turn-down collar. In the knee area there are special pockets for shock-absorbing inserts.

Split welding

Recently, welders have increasingly chosen split-split welding suits for welding work. The reason for their high popularity is due to their high level of protection and the ability to use them for hazardous work. A special feature of this workwear is that it is made using split leather , a special substance obtained as a result of special processing of leather.

Several decades ago, the main insulation for welding suits was ordinary batting. Nowadays, workwear is made on the basis of multilayer padding polyester. The main advantages of this material are that it is very light and has the ability to “breathe”, in other words, it allows air to pass through well and repels moisture. To provide workers with the maximum level of protection in the manufacture of workwear, a combination of materials from synthetic padding polyester, split fiber fabric and thick tarpaulin is used.

Insulated

Considering the fact that welders have to do their work all year round, manufacturers produce winter and summer welding suits to create the most comfortable conditions. It is enough to look at the photos of the types of workwear offered to make sure how diverse they can be. For example, for winter use, companies produce insulated suits, which are sewn from several layers of base material using various types of insulation.

A separate line of suits consists of workwear designed for work in the Far North in conditions of extremely low temperatures. In this region, welders must wear clothing that has exceptional insulating properties, as the welding process can take quite a long time.

In workwear of this type, the front part of the jacket is covered with split leather, and in some models the back and yoke may be covered with this material. Welding pants must have split linings. In addition to them, the suit must have hidden fasteners. Some workwear options can be additionally equipped with a hood and windproof valves.

Best – rating

There are a large number of large and constantly growing enterprises on the market for the production of special clothing. Next, we will look at the most outstanding companies.

Ursus company sews camouflage and special clothing of various sizes and types. A wide sales network, prompt delivery of products, experienced specialists, competent consultations are the competitive advantages of the enterprise.

The Avangard-Spetsodezhda company is engaged in the manufacture and sale of a wide range of construction, work and protective clothing, as well as footwear and PPE. Own production, individual tailoring, affordable prices, flexible system of discounts are the main advantages of the company.

The Vostok-Service company is the largest developer, manufacturer and supplier of special clothing and footwear, as well as personal protective equipment. The company provides a huge selection of products for individual use and for industrial use.

“Ivspetsposhiv” is a company specializing in individual and mass production of the following categories of products: fire-resistant suits for welders and metallurgists; mittens, leggings and vachegs; aprons, balaclavas and sleeves.

Technoavia company is an expert in the field of labor protection; it produces and supplies special clothing, footwear and personal protective equipment of its own production. In addition, the organization sells products from well-known Russian, European and overseas enterprises.

Trakt company is a developer and manufacturer of special clothing and personal protective equipment. The success of the enterprise is due to a combination of the following factors: provision of a full range of services, wide branch network, customer focus.

The unitary enterprise “Alexander Sokolov” develops and produces special clothing for representatives of various professions. A company from the Republic of Belarus works with different categories of clients both within the country and abroad.

“Shaturskaya Sewing Manufactory” specializes in sewing suits for welders, oil workers and miners, summer workwear, shoes and personal protective equipment. Competitive advantages: many years of experience, responsible fulfillment of obligations, a wide range of products of consistently high quality.

The Energocontract company specializes in the production of personal protective equipment against thermal and biological influences. The main goal of the company is to provide employees of Russian enterprises with quality products.

Spetsproekt company is a developer, manufacturer and seller of work and special clothing, hand protection products, and additional devices. The company offers products made from various materials against all dangerous and harmful factors.

In our survey you can express your opinion or in the comments suggest your option for the best company in your opinion.

Manufacturers and production

All of the above companies have a reputation as reliable manufacturers and partners. The success of these companies was made possible thanks to a combination of many components : professionalism of employees, introduction of innovations, fulfillment of obligations, high quality products, competent management. But one of the main factors is the availability of our own production facilities .

IMPORTANT! To produce and process high-quality non-flammable clothing, the plant must have special equipment at its disposal.

The presence of modern equipment allows companies to provide clothing of various types and sizes, from different materials and fabrics. Therefore, it is recommended to purchase welding suits only from trusted manufacturers and suppliers. This will guarantee the safe execution of work.